MENSTRUAL BELIEFS AND MYTHS AMONG SCHOOL-GOING ADO LESCENT GIRLS IN RURAL UTTAR PRADESH: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Abstract

Background: Menstruation is a normal physiological process; however, sociocultural beliefs, myths, and taboos continue to influence menstrual experiences among adolescent girls in rural India. These beliefs often shape behaviours and practices despite increasing access to school-based menstrual health education. Objectives: To explore sociocultural beliefs, menstrual myths, and the lived experiences of school-going adolescent girls regarding menstruation in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted among school-going adolescent girls aged 10–19 years who had attained menarche in rural Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through four focus group discussions (FGDs) comprising 24 participants using a semi-structured interview guide. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated into English, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Two researchers independently coded the transcripts and reached consensus through discussion. Data collection continued until thematic saturation was achieved. Results: Six interrelated themes emerged from the analysis: menstruation and the construction of ritual impurity, negotiating restrictions in everyday life, the culture of silence around menstruation, intergenerational transmission of menstrual beliefs, fear as a mechanism of compliance, and negotiating biomedical knowledge and cultural expectations. Although participants demonstrated awareness of menstruation as a normal biological process through school education, traditional beliefs transmitted through family and community networks continued to influence behaviour. Restrictions related to religious practices, household activities, and food handling were commonly reported. Fear of negative consequences and the influence of elder family members contributed to continued adherence to menstrual taboos despite participants questioning their validity. Conclusion: The findings highlight a persistent disconnect between biomedical knowledge and sociocultural practices surrounding menstruation. Menstrual beliefs among rural adolescent girls are shaped by deeply rooted social norms that extend beyond individual knowledge. Culturally sensitive interventions involving families, schools, and community stakeholders are needed to address menstrual stigma and promote positive menstrual health practices.