STUDY OF OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH GLYCEMIC CONTROL IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. Ocular manifestations are among the most common complications and are a major cause of preventable visual impairment. The present study aimed to assess the association between ocular manifestations and glycemic control in patients with T2DM. Methodology: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine at Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences from December 2024 to March 2025. A total of patients diagnosed with T2DM were included. Detailed history, ocular complaints, and comprehensive ophthalmological examination were performed. Glycemic control was assessed using fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and appropriate statistical tests including chi-square and Student’s t-test were applied. Results: Cataract was the most common ocular manifestation, followed by diabetic retinopathy, dry eye disease, and lid disorders. A significant association was observed between poor glycemic control and increased severity of ocular complications. Longer duration of diabetes was also associated with higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is strongly associated with increased ocular complications in T2DM. Regular ophthalmic screening and strict glycemic control are essential to prevent vision-threatening complications.